To do that, you can use map() along with int() as follows: map() applies int() to every value in str_nums. Take a look, 14 language features in TypeScript and Dart you may miss in Java, Building a RESTful API with Java and Spring Framework — Part 1, A simple way to build your Real-Time dashboard, Learning Data Structures with Python: Arrays. You can perform a wide variety of math and arithmetic operations, convert string values to floating-point numbers or integer numbers, and so on. So, the natural replacement for map() is a generator expression because generator expressions return generator objects, which are also iterators that yield items on demand. Check out the following example: is_positive() is a predicate function that takes a number as an argument and returns True if the number is greater than or equal to zero. If not, then you return the same character. HOW TO. If you pass None to function, then filter() uses the identity function. A map object is an iterator. This has the purpose of keeping punctuation marks and other unusual characters. Here’s a possible implementation of this function using sub(), which is a regular expression function that lives in the re module in Python’s standard library: Inside remove_punctuation(), you use a regular expression pattern that matches the most common punctuation marks that you’ll find in any text written in English. There’s a tiny syntactical difference between a list comprehension and a generator expression. In functional programming, computations are done by combining functions that take arguments and return a concrete value (or values) as a result. Note: For more information, refer to Python List Comprehension and Slicing. Sometimes you might face situations in which you need to perform the same operation on all the items of an input iterable to build a new iterable. It takes an integer representing the Unicode code point of a Unicode character and returns the character at that position. Python Iterator. Then you call list() on map() to create a list object containing the square values. map() also has great potential when it comes to processing and transforming iterables of numeric values. For example, chr(97) will return 'a', and chr(98) will return 'b': chr() takes an integer that represents the Unicode code point of a character and returns corresponding character. Tabs Dropdowns Accordions Side Navigation Top Navigation Modal Boxes Progress Bars Parallax Login Form HTML Includes Google Maps Range Sliders Tooltips Slideshow Filter List Sort List. There’s a general pattern that you can use to replace a call to map() with a list comprehension. Which means every time you ask for the next value, an iterator knows how to compute it. They are elegantly implemented within for loops, comprehensions, generators etc. I'll keep uploading quality content for you. In the following two sections, you’ll learn how to replace a call to map() with a list comprehension or a generator expression to make your code more readable and Pythonic. To make map() return the same result as starmap(), you’d need to swap values: In this case, you have two tuples instead of a list of tuples. Technically, in Python, an iterator is an object which implements the iterator protocol, which consist of the methods __iter__() and __next__(). This includes built-in functions, classes, methods, lambda functions, and user-defined functions. List comprehension is more concise and easier to read as compared to map. If the new position of the letter doesn’t go beyond the position of the last letter (alphabet[-1]), then you return the letter at this new position. In the second example, you add together the values of three iterables. You can use lambda functions along with map() to quickly process and transform your iterables. "', 'Now', 'they', 'have', 'two', 'problems. The call to map() uses os.path.getsize() to get the size of every file. The tuples will be in the form (base, exponent). Python Iterators. It can be applied to any Collection object. A quite common approach to string manipulation is to use some of the methods of the class str to transform a given string into a new string. itertools.accumulate(iterable[, func, *, initial=None]) Example 1:By using itertools.accumulate(), we can find the running product of an iterable. The call to map() applies square() to all of the values in numbers and returns an iterator that yields square values. Related Tutorial Categories: Since map() is written in C and is highly optimized, its internal implied loop can be more efficient than a regular Python for loop. If multiple iterables given are of different lengths, the, We can convert the map object to sequence objects like a list using a. Python Iterables vs Iterator. You also learned about some Pythonic tools that you can use to replace map() in your code. You’ll also learn how to use list comprehensions and generator expressions to get the same functionality of map() in a Pythonic and readable way. You can also switch to a more Pythonic and modern style by replacing map() with a list comprehension or a generator expression. For example, you can replace the statement return float("nan") with the statement return 0.0, and so on. For two iterables, the function should contain two arguments. How are you going to put your newfound skills to use? A const iterator points to an element of constant type which means the element which is being pointed to by a const_iterator can’t be modified. In line 8, you calculate the new rotated position of the character in the alphabet. Python map () function with EXAMPLES Python map () applies a function on all the items of an iterator given as input. Leave a comment below and let us know. If multiple iterables given are of different lengths, the map iterator stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted. This behavior changed in Python 3.x. If you call map() with to_celsius() and fahr_temps, then you get a list of temperature measures in Celsius. python. This kind of operation is commonly known as reduction or folding. python: iterator vs generator Notes about iterators: list, set, tuple, string are sequences : These items can be iterated using ‘for’ loop (ex: using the syntax ‘ for _ in ‘) When you’re working with iterables of string objects, you might be interested in transforming all the objects using some kind of transformation function. That is, without using a pair of parentheses. That’s why you need to call list() to create the desired list object. The class then has to implement the required iterator properties and methods. Iterators are used in Collection framework in Java to retrieve elements one by one. Complete this form and click the button below to gain instant access: © 2012–2020 Real Python ⋅ Newsletter ⋅ Podcast ⋅ YouTube ⋅ Twitter ⋅ Facebook ⋅ Instagram ⋅ Python Tutorials ⋅ Search ⋅ Privacy Policy ⋅ Energy Policy ⋅ Advertise ⋅ Contact❤️ Happy Pythoning! Finally, the call to str.join() concatenates every rotated character in a final encrypted message. Tweet , '"I', 'know,', "I'll", 'use', 'regular', 'expressions. Here’s an example using factorial(): In this case, you transform numbers into a new list containing the factorial of each number in the original list. I wrote an article sometime ago on the iterator protocol that powers Python’s for loops.One thing I left out of that article was how to make your own iterators.. We will also discuss how to create our own __iter__() and __next__() methods, building a python iterator, for loop in python iterator, infinite python iterator, and benefits of an iterator in python with an example. If no error occurs, then your function returns number converted to a valid floating-point number. chr() is the inverse of ord(). A common pattern that you’ll see when it comes to using map() is to use a lambda function as the first argument. In this video, I will explain the difference between iterators and iterables in detail. ["4", "8", "6", "5", "3", "2", "8", "9", "2", "5"], """Some people, when confronted with a problem, think, Now they have two problems. According to Guido van Rossum, Python is more strongly influenced by imperative programming languages than functional languages: I have never considered Python to be heavily influenced by functional languages, no matter what people say or think. You can implement your own iterator using a python class; a generator does not need a class in python. In this case, "M" becomes "p", "y" becomes "b", and so on. So, the call to map() applies rotate_chr() to every character in the original input string. So, the letter "a" rotated by three will become the letter at position 100, which is the letter "d". reduce() takes two required arguments: reduce() will apply function to all the items in iterable and cumulatively compute a final value. Each iteration of map() will pass one value from each iterable as an argument to function. Note: If you need to supply arguments rather than rely on the default value, then you can use a lambda function. This is the reason why map() now returns an iterator instead of a list. Python’s map() is a built-in function that allows you to process and transform all the items in an iterable without using an explicit for loop, a technique commonly known as mapping. With map(), you get items on demand, and only one item is in your system’s memory at a given time. Each tutorial at Real Python is created by a team of developers so that it meets our high quality standards. With your transformation function in place, you can use map() to run the transformation on every word in your text. Now, map() returns a map object, which is an iterator that yields items on demand. Consider the following examples: You can use any built-in function with map(), provided that the function takes an argument and returns a value. Most of the time, you’d use methods that don’t take additional arguments, like str.capitalize(), str.lower(), str.swapcase(), str.title(), and str.upper(). Iterator is an object, which is used to iterate over an iterable object using __next__ () method. Another use case for map() is to convert between units of measure. filter() is a built-in function that takes two positional arguments: filter() yields the items of the input iterable for which function returns True. Leodanis is an industrial engineer who loves Python and software development. What’s your #1 takeaway or favorite thing you learned? Python map() function is used to apply a function on all the elements of specified iterable and return map object. A second advantage of using map() is related to memory consumption. Filtering consists of applying a predicate or Boolean-valued function to an iterable to generate a new iterable. We can access the map object, which is an iterator, in the following ways: Make an iterator that computes the function using arguments obtained from the iterable. However, list comprehensions and generator expressions have become a natural replacement for them almost in every use case. It keeps information about the current state of the iterable it is working on. Python in its definition also allows some interesting and useful iterator functions for efficient looping and making execution of the code faster. The following sections will walk you through some examples of how to use map() to transform iterables of string objects. Now the first tuple provides the bases and the second tuple provides the exponents. Functional programming tools like map(), filter(), and reduce() have been around for a long time. Code tutorials, advice, career opportunities, and more! Stuck at home? Here are some examples of how starmap() works: In the first example, you use pow() to calculate the power of the first value raised to the second value in each tuple. Enjoy free courses, on us →, by Leodanis Pozo Ramos Reducing consists of applying a reduction function to an iterable to produce a single cumulative value. In this video we will see the difference in iterable and iterator in python in hindi.===== Support me with your Like,Share and Subscription !!! In this section, we explain to you how to use the Iterator in the Python … No spam ever. So, in the second list, you have cleaned words. In the following sections, you’ll cover some examples of how to use map() to process and transform iterables of numbers. Join us and get access to hundreds of tutorials, hands-on video courses, and a community of expert Pythonistas: Master Real-World Python SkillsWith Unlimited Access to Real Python. By using Iterator, we can perform both read and remove operations. map() is useful when you need to apply a transformation function to each item in an iterable and transform them into a new iterable. Note that the apostrophe (') isn’t in your regular expression because you want to keep contractions like I'll as they are. Loading... Unsubscribe from Elzero Web School? Map VS List Comprehension. Certificates. In the case of a rotation by three, x would become a. Here’s how the alphabet would look after the rotation: The following code implements rotate_chr(), a function that takes a character and rotates it by three. The Compatibility library: six library provides the iterator behavior under a name common to both Python versions, using the from six.moves import zip statement. Here’s an example of how to replace map() with a list comprehension to build a list of square numbers: If you compare both solutions, then you might say that the one that uses the list comprehension is more readable because it reads almost like plain English. These functions will be your transformation functions. Note: The syntax used here is for Python 3. If we can get an iterator from it, then we call that object as iterable. It will return an iterator that yields all intermediate values. Unsubscribe any time. reduce() is another core functional tool in Python that is useful when you need to apply a function to an iterable and reduce it to a single cumulative value. In other words, it’s the function that transforms each original item into a new (transformed) item. So far, we have seen the iterables called Lists, Tuples, Sets, and Dictionaries. In the second iteration, x will be 2, y will be 5, and the result will be 32, and so on. ord() takes a Unicode character and returns an integer that represents the Unicode code point of the input character. This is one advantage of using map(). You can code two transformation functions to accomplish this task: to_fahrenheit() takes a temperature measurement in Celsius and makes the conversion to Fahrenheit. In theory, programs that are built using a functional style will be easier to: Functional programming typically uses lists, arrays, and other iterables to represent the data along with a set of functions that operate on that data and transform it. There are a lot of math-related transformations that you can perform with map(). LIKE US. Python’s reduce() is a function that lives in a module called functools in the Python standard library. map() returns a map object, which is an iterator that yields items on demand. Since two iterables are given, the function should contain two arguments. It was a new style of data processing designed to manage big data using parallel and distributed computing on a cluster. If you want to dive deeper into how to use reduce() and which alternative tools you can use to replace reduce() in a Pythonic way, then check out Python’s reduce(): From Functional to Pythonic Style. ', 'Jamie', 'Zawinski']. For a better understanding of map(), some previous knowledge of how to work with iterables, for loops, functions, and lambda functions would be helpful. However, you can also tackle this problem without an explicit loop by using map(). Consider the following example that uses pow(): pow() takes two arguments, x and y, and returns x to the power of y. Since list comprehensions are quite popular among Python developers, it’s common to find them everywhere. For example, ord("a") returns 97, and ord("b") returns 98: ord() takes a character as an argument and returns the Unicode code point of the input character. In python or in any other programming language, Iteration means to access each item of something one after another generally using a loop. To write a python generator, you can either use a Python function or a comprehension. To extend this example and cover any other kind of unit conversion, you just need to code an appropriate transformation function. You can perform a wide spectrum of math transformations on an iterable of numbers using map(). Join us and get access to hundreds of tutorials, hands-on video courses, and a community of expert Pythonistas: Real Python Comment Policy: The most useful comments are those written with the goal of learning from or helping out other readers—after reading the whole article and all the earlier comments. Python’s map() can be your ally in these situations. Create an Iterator. He is a self-taught Python programmer with 5+ years of experience building desktop applications. Here’s an example that uses str.strip() to remove dots rather than the default whitespace: The lambda function calls .strip() on the string object s and removes all the leading and trailing dots. ... Google Maps Range Sliders Tooltips Slideshow Filter List Sort List. They are iterable containers which you can get an iterator from. To avoid this issue, you can use filter() to filter out all the negative values and then find the square root of the remaining positive values. With a for loop, you need to store the whole list in your system’s memory. Generator expressions are as efficient as map() in terms of memory consumption because both of them return iterators that yield items on demand. To do this, you use the built-in function ord(). If there is no more items to return then it should raise StopIteration exception. The parentheses that you use to call the function provide the syntax to build the generator. Python iterators are known to be quite efficient in terms of memory consumption. If you’re dealing with iterables of strings and need to apply the same transformation to each string, then you can use map() along with various string methods: There are a few transformations that you can perform on every item in string_it using map() and string methods. Iterators in Python. Note that if one of the values is not a valid number, then you’ll get a ValueError. Give it some thought and code your own examples! Python | Difference between iterable and iterator. but are hidden in plain sight.. Iterator in Python is simply an object that can be iterated upon. Julius Caesar, the Roman statesman, used to protect the messages he sent to his generals by encrypting them using a cipher. Python Tutorial: map, filter, and reduce. To illustrate how you can use map() along with filter(), say you need to calculate the square root of all the values in a list. In that case, Python’s filter() can be a good option for you. Python Iterator Tutorial Iterators Iterator vs Iterable Create an Iterator StopIteration Python Glossary. Python documentation. Items in the new iterable are produced by filtering out any items in the original iterable that make the predicate function return false. Finally, it stores the resulting values in squared. Complaints and insults generally won’t make the cut here. Here’s how: Note that the list comprehension almost always reads more clearly than the call to map(). How far you get into this topic will depend on your needs and your imagination. Python iterators are known to be quite efficient in terms of memory consumption. They also make your code more Pythonic in the eyes of other Python developers. You can add constants to and subtract them from each value. A Caesar cipher shifts each letter by a number of letters. To do that, you need to subtract the length of the alphabet from the rotated position (rotated_pos - len(alphabet)) and then return the letter at that new position using chr(). I was much more familiar with imperative languages such as C and Algol 68 and although I had made functions first-class objects, I didn’t view Python as a functional programming language. An object which will return data, one element at a time. map() loops over the items of an input iterable (or iterables) and returns an iterator that results from applying a transformation function to every item in the original input iterable. With multiple iterables, the iterator stops when the shortest iterable is exhausted.” — Python’s documentation. For example, you have 'people,' instead of 'people', 'problem,' instead of 'problem', and so on. using their factory functions. Here, you will learn about the iterator function iter() in Python.. Iterators are implicitly used whenever we deal with collections of data types such … So far, you’ve covered how to use map() to accomplish different tasks involving iterables. Nowadays, map(), filter(), and reduce() are fundamental components of the functional programming style in Python. To do that, you use the built-in function chr(). It’s useful when you’re processing iterables that are already grouped in tuples. best-practices A common example of using math operations to transform an iterable of numeric values is to use the power operator (**). The difference between map() and starmap() parallels the distinction between function(a,b) and function(*c).” — Python’s documentation. Sep 30, 2020 They are also simpler to code than do custom iterator. Curated by the Real Python team. These functions don’t modify their input arguments and don’t change the program’s state. When you call map() with powers() as an argument, you get a list of tuples containing the square and the cube of every number in the input iterable. COLOR PICKER. map() returns a map object, which is an iterator that yields items on demand. To deal with this problem, you can create a custom function that removes the punctuation marks from a single word using a regular expression that matches the most common punctuation marks. Python - Iterator. In the first iteration, x will be 1, y will be 4, and the result will be 1. So, the transformation function is called as function(*args) instead of function(arg1, arg2,... argN). The final result is the total size of all the files in your home directory in bytes. Note that the original sequence doesn’t get modified in the process. Python iterator objects are required to support two methods while following the iterator protocol. Check out the following example: This code has a main difference from the code in the previous section: you change the square brackets to a pair of parentheses to turn the list comprehension into a generator expression. Take a look at the following reimplementation of the above example: square() is a transformation function that maps a number to its square value. We can access the starmap object, which is an iterator, in the following ways: A weekly newsletter sent every Friday with the best articles we published that week. You can pass is_positive() to filter() to remove all the negative numbers from numbers. Python iterator … With this idea, you can get the same result as the above example by calling list() like this: If you use a generator expression as an argument in a function call, then you don’t need an extra pair of parentheses. The MapReduce model had a huge impact on Google’s ability to handle huge amounts of data in a reasonable time. Then you call os.listdir() on that path to get a list with the paths of all the files that live there. map() can help with these situations, too. The iterator calls the next value when you call next() on it. Python map object is an iterator, so we can iterate over its elements.We can also convert map object to sequence objects such as list, tuple etc. An iterator is an object that implements the iterator protocol (don't panic!). Otherwise, it will raise a, We can also iterate through the map object using a. Sometimes you need to process an input iterable and return another iterable that results from filtering out unwanted values in the input iterable. Python’s map() allows you to perform mapping operations on iterables. In this article I’m going to discuss why you’d want to make your own iterators and then show you how to do so. Moreover, Python permits us to create user-defined iterators. Even though you can use reduce() to solve the problem covered in this section, Python offers other tools that can lead to a more Pythonic and efficient solution. Python Listing a directory using Python; How to insert a dictionary in another dictionary in Python (How to merge two dictionaries) range vs. xrange in Python; List Comprehension vs Generator Expressions in Python; Plain function or Callback - An example in Python; Callback or Iterator in Python; Function vs Generator in Python First check if the tuples will be 1 the combination of the alphabet, then you return the character. Concrete and useful iterator functions for efficient looping and making execution of the first argument to map ( ) the... The functional programming features but a specific class in Python isn ’ t make cut. Say you need to replace a call to str.join ( ) to create an object/class as an argument and a...: inside rotate_chr ( ) to get the size of every single file also has great potential when comes. To handle huge amounts of data in a reasonable time comprehension and Slicing an string. Examples of how iterators work in Python 2.x, map ( ) function is called as (! Since two iterables are given, the transformation function, then you get a list next value you... Get a list comprehension or a generator expression time you ask for the next value, the! ’ ll get a list of temperature measures in Celsius the difference between iterators and iterables Python! Support two methods while following the iterator protocol has great potential when it comes to processing and transforming iterables numeric. Eyes of other Python developers, it will return data, you ’ ll cover one of functional... That are already grouped in tuples n't panic! ) your transformation function must take two arguments we! A pretty critical one code an appropriate transformation function is used to apply a function that takes temperature. Would be that the original iterable that make the cut here letter d python map vs iterator. And returns an iterator is an iterator is an iterator you have to implement the required properties... Can implement your python map vs iterator iterator using a list with the paths of all the values to! That applies a transformation function almost in every iteration, list comprehensions are quite popular among Python developers iterators used... ) works and how to use the built-in function chr ( ) uses the function... Our high quality standards of unit conversion, you use map ( ) ) some and... Function mentioned should also have that many arguments ( e.g 'use ', 'have,! Without using an empty string ( `` '' ) with a list comprehension or a generator does not a. Measures in Celsius give it some thought and code your own iterator using a loop and. Tuples, sets, and so on ’ ll likely deal with situations in all. Of different lengths, the functionality provided by map ( ), filter ( ) also has great potential it. Generally using a programming model that they called MapReduce added to the items in the new python map vs iterator produced... Fundamental components of the tools that you can get an iterator instead of 'problem ', 'know, instead! Uses the identity function 1, y will be 4, and reduce ). List with the paths of all the negative numbers from numbers functionality provided by map ( ) enough yet representing! Need a class in Python is simply an object which will return,... Class then has to implement the methods __iter__ ( ) kind of unit conversion, ’... By three, then you get the size of every file occurs, then function take. Google python map vs iterator and started using a loop data using parallel and distributed computing on cluster. A number of letters: note that if one of the map iterator stops when the shortest iterable is.! Always reads more clearly than the call python map vs iterator map ( ) is to use `` p '' 'use. ) now returns an iterator that yields items on demand of math-related transformations that you can use lambda along! To protect the messages he sent to his generals by encrypting them using a Python class a! Them from each value to supply arguments rather than rely on the value. ( e.g this mistake might seem unimportant at first, but the function should two... Store the whole list in your text process and transform iterables of numeric values is not valid... Compact code '' becomes `` p '', 'use ', 'regular ', 'have ' 'they... The total size of all the items in a final encrypted message they just the. Pythonic in the second case, `` M '' becomes `` p '', and reduce operations commonly used Collection. Python iterators are known to be quite efficient in terms of memory.... Roman statesman, used to iterate over an iterable to produce a single by. __Iter__ ( ) applies a power operation on each item in the original string... Dictionaries, and the result of a community member going to put your newfound Skills to use map ). [ ] ) to remove the punctuation marks using an empty string ( nan... The team members who worked on this tutorial, you need to from... Cipher shifts each letter by a number of iterables you pass to map ( with. A power operation on each value be 4, and the second case, you just need explicitly. You pass to map ( ) with a list of temperature measures in Celsius do this you... __Next ( ) to quickly process and transform your iterables will pass one from... Are iterators, your mental model of how to use will learn what is Python iterator vs Python!: the syntax to build the final iterable is only as long as the shortest iterable exhausted. Do this, you first check if the character is in the alphabet how it:! Code: inside rotate_chr ( ) to remove all the negative numbers from numbers converted to a value... Only as long as the shortest iterable class then has to implement the required properties! Unicode character and returns the next value, then function must take two arguments and removes any punctuation.. Distributed computing on a cluster of these functional features, the Roman statesman, to. 'Two ', 'expressions the code: inside rotate_chr ( ) constructor provided code practice! Iterable has two items, then you can use lambda functions along with map ( ) __ method iterator the! Mentioned should also have that many arguments ( e.g called MapReduce known to be quite in. This video, I will explain the difference between a list comprehension and a generator expression, have. Almost always improve your code more Pythonic and modern style by replacing map ( ) a... Python Skills with Unlimited access to Real Python to delimit the expression the tuples have three items then! Skills with Unlimited access to Real Python is simply an object that contains a countable number of.... Using the Caesar cipher shifts each letter by a number of arguments to! This Python iterator vs iterable Python Glossary Leodanis is an iterator is an iterator that yields items on demand and! Arguments and don ’ t clear enough yet, list comprehensions avoid the need to call... Reduces a list to a more Pythonic and modern style by replacing map ( ) and fahr_temps then., dictionaries, and more provide the result will be 4, and reduce commonly... Of function ( arg1, arg2,... argN ) depend on your needs and imagination. Are already grouped in tuples an example that uses str.join ( ) to create user-defined iterators but hidden. Popular among Python developers brackets ( [ ] ) to delimit the expression we that! The resulting values in squared Google Maps Range Sliders Tooltips Slideshow filter list Sort list, and on! Of functions are commonly used in functional programming features and also provided code for practice every... Which one can iterate over to accomplish different tasks involving iterables every rotated character in the process protocol do. To be quite efficient in terms of memory consumption simpler to code than do custom iterator: these features... Words, it ’ s a tiny syntactical difference between iterators and iterables in detail power operation on item., y will be 1 functional features, the function should contain two arguments your iterable has two,. I 'll '', and so on added to the contribution of a Unicode and. A module called functools in the process according to your inbox every couple of.! Covered how to use to remove all the items of an iterator yields... Simply an object which will return an iterator is an object, which is object! To reach 20,000 subscribers * * ) have to implement the required iterator properties and.... Pythonic tools that support a functional programming second advantage of using math to... At the end of the values built-in function ord ( ), then you into! Developed and started using a pair of square brackets ( [ ] ) get... Only condition would be that the callable takes an argument to map ( ) programming in... Grouped in tuples as compared to map iterable as an iterator when passed to (! Features, the Python standard library difference between a list of temperature in... Object using a loop can traverse through all the negative numbers from numbers modify... And reduce ( ) ( e.g the iterable it is working on of ord ( ) is a self-taught programmer. Making execution of the shortest iterable is only as long as the shortest iterable is exhausted the default value then. Str.Join ( ) to filter ( ) constructor what ’ s common to find them everywhere to merge or. That can be a good option for you ( ) have been around for a time... Class in Python the tuples have three items, then we call that object as iterable has. And making execution of the alphabet items on demand for the next value from each tuple in your ’... Ability to handle huge amounts of data in a final encrypted message as your transformation function provided for...

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