8 However, assuming creativity is needed, and given that this article is focused on promoting creativity through training, it is valid to consider the degree to which creativity training helps people become more accepting of creative ideas. O. Vartanian, in Encyclopedia of Creativity (Second Edition), 2011. Findings indicate that both hemispheres are involved in divergent thinking, which is accompanied by both event-related increases and decreases in the neural activation. Course delivery includes variables such as how long the training lasts, the amount of lecture used, the amount of practice time given to trainees, the nature of the practice exercises, the amount of feedback provided to trainees, as well as other variables related to how the instructor communicated material to trainees in order to facilitate learning the content incorporated into the course. This leads to the thought that categorization of concepts (a form of abstraction) plays an important role in the manifestation of divergent thinking. It is closely associated with spontaneity, random thoughts, non-conformity, creativity and thinking “out-of-the-box”. Divergent thinking is a crucial component of effective problem-solving. Furthermore, set shifts are facilitated by mental representations of the start state that are more abstract and ambiguous than the one provided in the problem statement. Iss. Of course, this system is highly vulnerable to error, … This study investigated the divergent thinking of students with visual impairments (i.e., blindness or low vision) in three countries and explored the correlates of their performance on two tasks. We work close handedly with our clients to offer solutions to their company goals and progress opportunities, to analyze market gaps, assess customer needs to develop business strategy and direction of growth. … Recent research has used neuroscientific methods to study originality, novelty, insight, divergent thinking, and other processes related to creative mental activity. The authors argued that skills measured by RIBS in the natural environment might come easier than a problem solving tasks. Interestingly, when subjects were categorized based on the originality of uses generated in the context of the Alternate Uses Test, those with higher originality scores showed greater synchronization in the right than left hemisphere. Divergent Thinking and Brainstorming in Perspective 313 divergent thinking can be cultivated through training alone and these attitudes linger for several weeks after the training is completed (Basadur, Graen, & Scandura, 1986; Basadur, Wakabayashi, & Takai, 1992). Training courses can be thought of as being made up of four primary components: the design of the course, the content included in the course, the way course content is delivered, and the media used during instruction. Specifically, the Alternate Uses Task activated a left-lateralized network comprising the inferior frontal gyrus extending to the supplementary motor area and anterior cingulate. When used as a test, individual differences may be found in fluency (the number of ideas), originality (the number of unusual or unique ideas), and flexibility (the number of different categories implied by the ideas) (Runco 2013a). We explain this dissociation in terms of differing task demands of divergent thinking and insight tasks and speculate that the greater sensitivity of non-native speakers to tDCS stimulation may be a function of less entrenched neural networks for non-native languages. These six stages include mess finding, problem finding, information finding, idea finding, solution finding, and acceptance finding. It usually happens in a free-flowing, spontaneous manner, where multiple creative ideas are engendered and evaluated. Water logic, by contrast, allows ideas to flow together from many directions according to the natural pathways in the material in question, just as water flows along cracks and depressions in the ground where there is no resistance, and forms pools and eventually rivers (creative ideas). The Press Some Match Problems allow the generation of multiple solutions to the same problem. Igor Schindler, University of Hull. Yet even if Guilford’s methods were questionable, his conception of divergent and convergent thinking has proven to be quite useful. Keeping headphones from getting tangled up 7. Here, we summarize studies that show that creativity develops considerably during adolescence with different developmental trajectories for insight, verbal divergent thinking, and visuospatial divergent thinking. This is highly reminiscent of the convergent-divergent-convergent pattern that I discussed in an earlier chapter, and also emphasizes the importance of understanding not only how to think divergently (or convergently) but also when and why we do so. 1 (2015), Differential Modulation of Performance in Insight and Divergent Thinking Tasks with tDCS, Vinod Goel, York University, University of Hull, IRCCS Fondazione Ospedale San CamilloFollow Phil Charron Executive Vice President October 26, 2011. Zig where others zag. Although I will deal with some other specific features of convergent thinking later in this chapter, I want to discuss some other kinds of thinking that are associated with the generation of variability and novelty. convergent and divergent thinking Convergent thinking is a practical way of deciding among existing alternatives. Not surprisingly, divergent thinking tests are among the most commonly used in creativity research. Jung (2000–2001) compared transformational and transactional leadership in the conditions of real versus nominal brainstorming groups. J.P. Guilford is usually given credit for distinguishing between convergent and divergent thinking, but a few earlier scientists did recognize the value of ideation. Libraries While both insight and divergent thinking tasks are used to study creativity, there are reasons to believe that the two may call upon very different mechanisms. IQ tests typically assume that there is one general intelligence (or g) that underlies every intelligent act—every single one. Each of these parameters introduces constraints that, in effect, limit the available range of solutions from all possible solutions to a subset of feasible, practical solutions. Specifically, Vinod Goel and Oshin Vartanian have shown that whereas engagement in Match Problems was associated with activation in left dorsal lateral PFC and right ventral lateral PFC, the latter structure was activated exclusively when subjects successfully solved problems that required set shifting. Here are sample items from Binet and Simon’s (1905) first test of intelligence. On divergent thinking in the visuo-spatial domain, however, only 15/16-year-olds … Imitation mini-trombone 5. Identify differences (e.g., fly and butterfly), Identify similarities (e.g., blood and a poppy), Visual tracking (i.e., follow moving object with head and eyes), Tactile prehension (i.e., pick up particular object), J.J. Caughron, ... M.D. These neuropsychological results have been corroborated with fMRI data. Autistic and Schizotypal Traits and Convergent and Divergent Thinking; Claridge & McDonald (2009) N = 77 (44 F) students; UK ... D.R. , Article 2. Both insight tasks and divergent thinking tasks are widely used in the creativity literature. Convergent reasoning or thinking is similar to that which has been termed deductive reasoning. Divergent thinking The ability to think out of the box is divergent thinking. Read more Collaboration: From groan zone to growth zone. Spending time and energy to solve problems or engage in cognitive processes such as divergent thinking do not amount to much in the real-world if nothing is ever produced. While both insight and divergent thinking tasks are used to study creativity, there are reasons to believe that the two may call upon very different mechanisms. Different divergent thinking tests have been developed, especially in verbal and visual domains of knowledge (e.g., Torrance, 1974). Guilford (1968, 1986)Guilford, 1968Guilford, 1986 eventually identified 180 different aspects of the intellect. When multivariate analyses were run by controlling for gender and group size, the significant main effects were for leadership and group conditions as well as an interaction effect of both on fluency and flexibility scores. Divergent and convergent thinking are two complementary methods to explore ideas, work towards goals, and address challenges. Divergent thinking is employed when an individual is faced with an open-ended task (examples were given earlier—“How can a brick be used?”). As one generates more responses, the conflict of choosing between multiple responses would increase accordingly. Recent research has used neuroscientific methods to study originality, novelty, insight, divergent thinking, and other processes related to creative mental activity. Problem finding, conceptual combination, and idea evaluation are only a few processes that have been identified as being important contributors to the creative process. These findings call into question the usefulness of the divergent thinking … Initially, he emphasized lateral thinking. Presumably, homospatial thinking is the opposite of heterospatial thinking—which keeps ideas locked away from each other in separate spaces. Analogical thinking or problem solving, being understood as the use of like problems solutions in guiding solutions of new problems (Goldstein, 2010). Convergent thinking is associated with finding a single solution to a problem in an analytical, deductive way (i.e., hypothesis testing); divergent thinking involves generating multiple ideas or solutions for a single problem (i.e., brainstorming). OUR SOLUTIONS . The differences between divergent thinking in the top-down sense and divergent thinking in the bottom-up sense may seem trivial, and indeed, this is of little consequence to the general concept of divergent thinking. Continual growth of categorical knowledge by restructuring concepts is a creative phenomenon (Ward, Smith, & Vaid, 1997). Unlike divergent thinking with convergent thinking there is usually a correct answer. Divergent thinking problems means ____. Brainstorming, free writing, keeping a journal and mind-mapping are examples of divergent thinking. Because some of the resulting ideas are original, divergent thinking represents the potential for creative thinking and problem solving. Table 5.2. > Findings indicate that both hemispheres are involved in divergent thinking, which is accompanied by both event-related increases and decreases in the neural activation. Bookmark The test measures divergent thinkingacross four sub … These researchers found gains in divergent thinking on a variety of tasks including social problem-solving and planning. According to de Bono, the process of flowing together has its own energy: in the case of water in nature, this is gravity; in the case of ideas, it is creative or constructive psychological energy. Their results have shown that patients with focal right frontal lobe lesions were impaired specifically on those match problems that required set shifts. Course content includes the factual and conceptual knowledge about creativity the instructor attempts to communicate to the trainees but also includes the types of techniques the instructor promotes for increasing creativity. In addition, divergent doing tasks have also been developed (e.g., Bertsch, 1983; Moraru, Memmert, & van der Kamp, 2016; Wyrick, 1968) to assess divergence in motor domain, for example, asking participants to produce as many actions as possible on an agility ladder laid on the ground (e.g., stepping, skipping). From this perspective divergent thinking is a kind of problem solving. It is a spontaneous, fluid, non-linear mental approach based on curiosity and nonconformity. Without diversity, these divergent ideas will never see the light of day because people know that the herd mentality of the corporate zombies would trample all over them. Four experimental groups; high versus low transformational leadership, and anonymous versus identified groups conditions, were compared with respect to fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration. Vol. About | DOI: 10.7771/1932-6246.1172 There are at least three possibilities for its involvement in divergent thinking ability. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Divergent thinking, on the other hand, is a more freeflowing process of generating as many possibilities as possible from a common theme. Of course the downside of measuring creativity purely based on output is that it does not necessarily allow researchers to draw inferences about how that performance was obtained. Studies show that if you get a full night’s sleep, you will be twice as likely to solve a problem than if you stay up all night. Visual and verbal divergent thinking can also be scored in terms of elaboration (numbers of details provided along with the ideas). The combination process varies according to the task constraints or the generation rules (e.g., alternative uses, product improvement), which allow the construction of more flexible ad hoc categories. Highly creative people exhibited the greatest variation in EEG alpha wave activity across the three tasks. According to him, there are two ways to find a solution. They broadly fall into 3 categories: divergent thinking, artistic creativity, and insight. Hold papers together 2. Alfred Binet, for example, who developed the immediate precursor to IQ around the turn of the century, included an open-ended similarities task not unlike those found on modern-day divergent thinking tests (Binet & Simon 1905). That improv causes increases in divergent thinking (Lewis & Lovatt, 2013) helps explain the success of improv in creative fields such as business and entrepreneurship (Lubart, 2016). Runco, in Encyclopedia of Creativity (Second Edition), 2011. In addition to divergent thinking and problem-solving, creating innovative products, that is, measuring creativity in terms of productivity or performance, has been suggested as an alternative to divergent thinking or problem-solving. While both insight and divergent thinking tasks are used to study creativity, there are reasons to believe that the two may call upon very different mechanisms. Divergent thinking is the process of thinking that explores multiple possible solutions in order to generate creative ideas. Scratchley and Hakstian (2000–2001) used a battery of divergent thinking tests that were developed for industrial settings, including three components: the brainstorming exercise, which requires finding many solutions for a management problem; the similarities exercise, which entails finding many similarities between two different objects; and the association exercise which is about finding a word that connects three dissimilar words. : Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. It can be highly productive to think differently, and it pays off in the long run. Also, a main effect was found for anonymity. The current study A set of creativity tasks was administered to early (12⁄13 yrs), middle (15⁄16 yrs) and late adolescents (18⁄19 yrs) as well as adults (25–30 yrs). insight and divergent thinking capacities from adoles-cence to adulthood. Findings indicate that both hemispheres are involved in divergent thinking, which is accompanied by both event-related increases and decreases in the neural activation. and divergent thinking (Guilford, 1967). Pair this with the fact that creative ideas do not always work out as intended, it is not surprising that people have difficulty accepting creativity. PUPOAJ Lastly, assessing an individual's response to creative work or examining the degree to which an individual accepts or even initiates creative action is an important aspect of creativity that should be examined. This should sensitize researchers to task features when interpreting imaging results. To help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads stages include mess finding, information finding problem... Correct answer without reference to convergent thinking and divergent thinking represents the potential for creative thinking and creativity and... 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