https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203812.g003. a comparative assessment of factors which influence microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen levels in soil [55] reported that the clay protective effect of nutrients on microbial biomass was limited, and the increase in clay content could not improve the response of microorganisms to organic material amendment when clay content was > 25%; for example, Ferralic Cambisol had higher clay content than the other two soils in the present study. Microbially mediated processes in constructed wetlands are mainly dependent on hydraulic conditions, wastewater properties, including substrate and nutrient quality and availability, filter material or soil type, plants, and different environmental factors. Yes https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203812.t003. Soil microbial biomass: A key soil driver in management of ecosystem functioning. Consequently, the comparison of microbial characteristics in different soil types can improve our understanding of the influence of soil properties on microbes. While there is a benefit to increased soil C storage for biochars produced at temperatures >200ºC, they have no effect on soil microbial biomass and activity. Soil and rhizosphere microbial communities in agroecosystems may be affected by soil, climate, plant species, and management. Statistical analysis of all variables was carried out using the SPSS 16.0 software package. The soil microbial biomass quotient (expressed as a percentage of the total soil organic carbon) and the specific rate of carbon‐dioxide production by soil microbes (respiration quotient) are often used as indicators of stress on soil microbial populations. Yes Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. 1. Thus the microbial biomass was adversely affected by the slightly soluble fractions of Cu accumulated in apple orchard soils, whereas the dehydrogenase activity was affected by the water-soluble and exchangeable Cu of which amount depended on the soil pH. Is the Subject Area "Organic materials" applicable to this article? The average well color development (AWCD) and the functional diversity indices, including Shannon (H’), Simpson (D) and McIntosh (U) indices, are important diagnostic indicators of soil quality [11]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. WS, wheat straw; CS, corn straw; WR, wheat root; CR, corn root; PM, pig manure; CM, cattle manure. As the experiment proceeded, the soil microbial community in Calcaric Cambisol adapted to the experimental environment, and the low nutrient content in Calcaric Cambisol may encourage the microbes to assimilate exogenous C resources from the added organic materials [13, 65]; hence, significantly higher microbial functional diversity indices were found in Calcaric Cambisol at the end of the 12th month when compared with those in the 1st month. At the end of the 1st month, soil clay content significantly influenced AWCD and U, pH significantly influenced D, and total nitrogen significantly influenced H’ (P < 0.05). Before the experiment, both Calcaric Cambisol from Zhengzhou and Luvic Phaeozem from Gongzhuling were moved to Qiyang County. Soil properties had less influence on microbial biomass when compared with the organic material quality, with significant effects only observed at the end of the 1st month (Table 3). These factors influence the species composition of soil microbial communities, but also their activity and functionality. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, A soil pH near 7.0 is most suitable for the microbial biomass. No, Is the Subject Area "Maize" applicable to this article? Abstract. However, few studies have investigated how production conditions affect the chemical properties of biochars, and how these properties influence soil microbial biomass and activity. The diversity of soil microbial communities can be characterized by the utilization pattern of individual C substrates generated with commercially available Biolog Eco plates. Different letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 among different materials in the same soil. Data curation, Writing – review & editing, Affiliation Microbial biomass carbon and Shannon’s diversity index after amendment with labile organic materials with low lignin content were significantly higher than that after amendment with recalcitrant organic materials with high lignin content [16–17]. [11]: These excessive byproducts have created a series of negative environmental effects, such as atmospheric pollution, water eutrophication and so on. Soils with more clay generally have a higher microbial biomass as they reta… However, excess moisture content (above optimal level) in the soil is detrimental to the growth and survival of microbial cells in the soil. High soil N content negatively affected soil microbial communities and led to a decrease in the microbial functional diversity by altering the supply and quality of organic matter [27, 62]; which resulted in significantly lower Shannon index in Ferralic Cambisol and Luvic Phaeozem than that in Calcaric Cambisol. The readings at 96 h incubation collected by Microlog Rel. Soil microbial biomass is a critical factor in ecosystem nutrient cycling [ 16, 17, 18 ], and knowledge about its relation with the ecological stoichiometry of soil is crucial for us to gain insight into the nutrient cycling of terrestrial ecosystems [ 19, 20, 21, 22 ]. The microbial biomass is affected by factors that change the water or carbon content of soil, and include soil type, climate and management practices. You are currently offline. Total fiber content of organic material (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin), total organic C, and total organic N were determined. At the end of the 12th month, the soil organic C (SOC) and C/N ratio of organic materials significantly influenced AWCD, H’, D and U (P < 0.05), and the clay content significantly influenced H’ and D (P < 0.05). Author information: (1)Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar (Central) University, Raebarelly Road, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in the 0- to 15-cm and 15- to 30-cm soil layers were investigated by making chemical and biological measurements in the montane region of eastern Liaoning Province, Northeast China, during the growing season of 2008 in stands of NSF and Larix olgensis plantation (LOP). Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. The effects of biochar on soil microbial and enzyme activities are integrally linked to the potential of biochar in achieving these benefits. Citation: Li L, Xu M, Eyakub Ali M, Zhang W, Duan Y, Li D (2018) Factors affecting soil microbial biomass and functional diversity with the application of organic amendments in three contrasting cropland soils during a field experiment. [26]. Microbial biomass is within similar ranges in both horizontal and vertical subsurface flow and surface flow constructed wetlands. Factors affecting soil microbial biomass and functional diversity with the application of organic amendments in three contrasting cropland soils during a field experiment L. Li, M. Xu, +3 authors Dongchu Li Published 2018 The average well color development (AWCD) and the functional diversity indices including Shannon, Simpson and McIntosh indices were often used to investigate the general structure and functional potential of soil microbial communities [13, 24]. Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41571298), and the International (Regional) Joint Research Program (41620104006). Soil microorganisms drive the turnover of exogenous organic materials into soil organic matter [1]. When Ci—R <0 or Ci—R <0.06, the values were set to 0 [38]. Currently, these Chinese cropland soils have the obvious trend of acidification because of excessive N fertilizer application when compared with those soils 30 years ago [34]. The WS, CS, WR and CR treatments significantly increased the MBC while only the WS and CS treatments significantly increased the MBN when compared with the control in the three soils (P < 0.05, Fig 2B and 2D). The calculated ratio of MBC to MBN between the 1st and 12th months in this study supports the above phenomenon. Van Horn1, M. Lee Van Horn2, John E. Barrett3, Michael N. Gooseff4, Adam E. Altrichter3, Kevin M. Geyer3, Lydia … The amount of different organic materials in each bag was described in S1 Table. The C/N ratio of organic materials has generally been shown to be a good predictor of the decomposition of organic materials [45, 48], and organic materials with low C/N ratio can supply sufficient nutrients for microbes [49–50], which was shown by the significantly higher MBC and MBN in manure treatments than those in crop residue treatment at the end of the 1st month (Table 2, Fig 2). Roles It is required for the growth and multiplication of vegetative microbial cells. Soil properties that affect microbial biomass are clay content, soil pH, and organic C content (figure 3). Total fiber content of organic material (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) was determined by the method described by van Soest [42]. The objectives of the present study were therefore (1) to explore the changes in microbial biomass and functional diversity during the decomposition of organic materials in different soil types, and (2) to quantify the contributions of soil type and quality of organic materials to microbial biomass and functional diversity. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Soil type was the main plot factor and organic material was the subplot factor in a split-plot design with six replicates; three replicates were sampled at the end of the 1st month, and the other three replicates were sampled at the end of the 12th month. The correlations between different abiotic factors and microbial groups described in this manuscript indicate both the complexity of the soil environment and its sensitivity to various stimuli. In each bag, 200 g (oven-dried basis) experimental soil (Ferralic Cambisol, Calcaric Cambisol, Luvic Phaeozem) was thoroughly mixed with organic material at a ratio of 15 g C kg−1 soil, which was equivalent to 34 t C ha−1 returned to the soil. Fi… Among all enzymes in the soil environment, soil dehydrogenases (EC 1.1.1.) Factors Controlling Soil Microbial Biomass and Bacterial Diversity and Community Composition in a Cold Desert Ecosystem: Role of Geographic Scale David J. Data curation, Soil properties, e.g., organic C and clay content were the predominant influence on microbial functional diversity in particular at the end of the 12th month (61.8–82.8% of the variance explained). Overall, soil microbial biomass and functional diversity together represent the fundamental parameters of soil microorganisms, and were considered to be the most sensitive indicators of management effects on soil biological properties [8, 12]. Introduction. Yes At two time points (at the end of the 1st and 12th months), soil microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) (MBC and MBN) and Biolog Ecoplate substrate use patterns were determined, and the average well color development and the microbial functional diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson and McIntosh indices) were calculated. At the end of the 1st month, the ANOVA for principal component 1 (PC1) indicated that the patterns of substrate utilization between the organic materials and the control treatments were significantly different in Ferralic Cambisol and Luvic Phaeozem (P < 0.05), and that they were significantly different between the WS and CS treatments and the control in Calcaric Cambisol (P < 0.05, Fig 4A–4C). When compared with the other two soils, Luvic Phaeozem soil had the highest SOC content (Table 1) and significantly lower functional diversity indices at both sampling dates (Fig 3), and the reasons were that (1) Luvic Phaeozem per se had the lowest functional diversity as shown the control treatment (Fig 3), (2) soil with high organic matter has sufficient available C sources for microbial assimilation, and showed reduced assimilation of exogenous C sources by microbes when compared with the Ferralic Cambisol and Calcaric Cambisol with lower organic matter content [13, 65]. When compared with the manures, crop residues, in particular straws with low lignin and high C/N ratio, significantly increased the functional diversity indices at both sampling periods (P < 0.05). These community-level physiological profiles (CLPPs) have provided a rapid means for evaluating the structure and species composition of soil microbial communities. Although manures, with low C/N ratio and high nitrogen content, significantly increased microbial biomass when compared with crop residues at the end of the 1st month (P < 0.05), the crop residues significantly increased the microbial biomass when compared with manures at the end of the 12th month (P < 0.05). To better compare the effects of exogenous organic materials and soil type on the microbial characteristics and to eliminate the effect of climate factors, Calcaric Cambisol and Luvic Phaeozem were moved to the subtropical region to accentuate the effects of global warming and soil acidification. Investigation, As a result, AWCD and McIntosh index were low in Calcaric Cambisol because of its high initial pH (Table 1) at the end of the 1st month. Rainfall is usually the limiting factor for microbial biomass in southern Australia (figure 2). No, Is the Subject Area "Crops" applicable to this article? Retention in soil through microbial metabolism [ 47, 51 ] soil [... 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