It’s not only the scented oil that makes Andropogon muricatus special, but the plant is known to provide other remarkable external curative properties. [citation needed], A recent study found the plant is capable of growing in fuel-contaminated soil. To control termites that attack dead material, hexachlorobenzene, also known as benzene hexachloride-BCH, can be applied to the vetiver hedge. More commonly called in English, Vetiver, Khas-Khas, and Khus-Khus. Trenches are 15 centimetres (6 in) to 20 centimetres (8 in) deep. Medicinal uses of Andropogon muricatus (Khus-Khus-Vetiver) The root decoction of Vetiveria zizanioides is taken internally for nervous and circulatory problems, and externally as an all around tonic bath, to … Saba Botanical of USA. … Mats made by weaving vetiver roots and binding them with ropes or cords are used in India to cool rooms in a house during summer. People take vetiver for nerve and circulation problems and for stomach pain. Author: L.J. The Vetiver system, a technology of soil conservation and water quality management, is based on the use of the vetiver plant. In case of sediment deposition, new roots can grow out of buried nodes. Indonesia, China, and Haiti are major producers. [6], Vetiver grass is grown for many purposes. The roots bind to the soil, therefore it can not dislodge. September 2001, Pacific Rim Vetiver Network Technical Bulletin No. Weed control may be needed during establishment phase, by using atrazine after planting.[4]. Vetiver (khus) is also used as a flavoring agent, usually as khus syrup. The plant known as the Vetiveria zizanoides or Andropogon muricatus is a kind of grassy plant that emits a earthy and musky scent. It is also made into strings and ropes, and grown as an ornamental plant (for the light purple flowers).[3]. Andropogon muricatum Retz. The Fragrance Industry- Profiles c. 2007 by Glen O. Brechbill, © International Trade Centre, International Trade Forum - Issue 3/2001, Narong Chomchalow, "The Utilization of Vetiver as Medicinal and Aromatic Plants with Special Reference to Thailand", Office of the Royal Development Projects Board, Bangkok, Thailand |, The essential oil of the Andropogon muricatus root system has been used in in perfumes used by royalty. The odour and uses of Vetiver Essential Oil Odour=> sweet rooty balsam woody amber rich exotic woody rooty earthy vetiver smoky earthy-woody odour Perfume-Uses=> Oriental Amber Chypre Fixer Chypre … Vetiver has neither stolons nor rhizomes. All Rights Reserved. Type of Extract: Botanical Extract Powder. (L.J. As with any other medicine, if you are sick, you should consult a physician to find out if the herbal preparations listed here are right for you. « Want Healthy Hair? © Copyright 2010-2015. Vetiver is most closely related to Sorghum but shares many morphological characteristics with other fragrant grasses, such as lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), citronella (Cymbopogon nardus, C. winterianus), and palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii). In the Indian Subcontinent, khus (vetiver roots) is often used to replace the straw or wood shaving pads in evaporative coolers. [4] The spikelets are in pairs, and there are three stamens. Andropogon muricatus or Vetiver is commonly called the “oil of tranquility”. Vetiver has been used to stabilize railway cuttings/embankments in geologically challenging situations in an attempt to prevent mudslides and rockfalls, such as the Konkan railway in western India. The close-growing culms help to block surface water runoff . Do not copy or reprint this article without the consent of the author. It can grow 3 metres (10 ft) to 4 metres (13 ft) deep within the first year. In Cuddalore, farmers grow 1,000 acres (400 ha) of vetiver for oil extraction with help of marudhamalai groups. Part Used: Roots. In addition, the study discovered the plant is also able to clean the soil, so in the end, it is almost fuel-free. Its fibrous properties make it useful for handicrafts, ropes and more. Its medicinal and deeply relaxing properties are used in Aromatherapy. This causes the cooler to emit a fishy or seaweed smell. This native plant grows up to 2 meters. Flowering and nonflowering varieties are used for cultivation. O'Neal, writer and researcher. Usheer (Andropogon muricatus) This ayurvedic medicine has a soothing effect on the urethral stricture. It is rarely found in commerce outside of India, as most of it is consumed within the country. [3], Vetiver mulch increases water infiltration and reduces evaporation, thus protecting soil moisture under hot and dry conditions. Another advantage is that vetiver padding does not catch fire as easily as dry wood shavings. Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as vetiver, is a perennial bunchgrass of the family Poaceae, native to Tamil nadu, India.Vetiver in Tamil means Cut Root.. Vetiver is most closely related to … Vetiver's roots grow almost exclusively downward, 2 metres (7 ft) to 4 metres (13 ft), which is deeper than some tree roots. is also a. The most commonly used commercial genotypes of vetiver are sterile (do not produce fertile seeds), and because vetiver propagates itself by small offsets instead of underground stolons, these genotypes are noninvasive and can easily be controlled by cultivation of the soil at the boundary of the hedge. Under favorable conditions, the erect culms can reach 3m in height. © Copyright 2010-2015. Old Tamil literature mentions the use of vetiver for medical purposes. It can withstand water velocity up to 5 metres per second (16 ft/s). [17] Vetiver processing was introduced to Haiti in the 1940s by Frenchman Lucien Ganot. After the distillate separates into the essential oil and hydrosol, the oil is skimmed off and allowed to age for a few months to allow some undesirable notes formed during distillation to dissipate. Understand andropogon muricatus … Cosmetics alone are not sufficient to take care of skin and others body … It has an earthy, woody, yet sweet-smelling scent that is widely used in perfumes, cosmetics and scented soaps suitable for men and women. It is the topic of much literature, including a 37-page examination … It also acts as a diuretic and hence, increases the volume of urine passing out of the body. Khus-scented syrups are also sold. « Want Healthy Hair? A machine uproots the mature stock 20 centimetres (8 in) to 25 centimetres (10 in) below ground. www.wikipedian.net Andropogon muricatus Andropogon muricatus. It slows the water flow and increases the amount absorbed by the soil (infiltration). [5], Almost all vetiver grown worldwide is vegetatively propagated; bioengineering has shown them as essentially the same nonfertile cultigen by DNA profiling. It has an earthy, woody, yet sweet-smelling scent that is widely used in perfumes, cosmetics and scented soaps suitable for men and women. Holcus zizanioides (L.) Kuntze ex … [20], Vetiver has been used in traditional medicine in South Asia (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka), Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand), and West Africa.[21]. The aqueous-methanolic crude extract of Andropogon muricatus (Am.Cr) was investigated pharmacologically to determine some of its medicinal uses in cardiovascular and gastrointestinal … However, care must be taken, because fertile genotypes of vetiver have become invasive. The optimal soil temperature for root growth is 25 °C (77 °F). Do not copy, reprint or retransmit without permission of author. *Even though our herbal ingredients have been used in natural medicine for centuries, we must add the following disclaimer:  The  herbs, formulas, and recipes contained within this web site are not  to be considered substitutes for proper medical and health care. Shalmali – Silk Cotton – Bombax malabaricum – 20 mg Manjista – Indian Madder – Rubia … Pt. Pt. have been recognised, but they seem to die once they get into the stems. These data indicate that the crude extract of Andropogon muricatus contains constituent(s) that mediate the tracheal relaxant effect, possibly through dual inhibition of Ca++ channels and phosphodiesterase … The United States, Europe, India, and Japan are the main consumers. Vetiver has favourable qualities for animal feed. Vetiver is planted in long, straight rows across the slope for easy mechanical harvesting. Several sesquiterpenoids, including vetidiol, are also present. In Indonesia, the roots of vetiver are widely used in the production of fragrant mats. SHARING OUR SECRET, SHARING OUR JOY and SPREADING OUR LOVE. The present work was carried out to provide a pharmacological base for the medicinal use of Andropogon muricatus in airways disorders, such as asthma. O'Neal. It absorbs dissolved nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and is tolerant to, It is tolerant to temperatures from −15 °C (5 °F) to 55 °C (131 °F), depending on growing region. | | Digg This 2 of 2 | It is used for its antiseptic properties to treat acne and sores. *For more information:  Wikipedia and Vetiver.org. From the roots, oil is extracted and used for cosmetics, aromatherapy, herbal skincare and ayurvedic soap. [2] The stems are tall and the leaves are long, thin, and rather rigid. Published online: 15 January 2003; doi:10.1002/14356007.a11_141. Vetiver grass is grown for many purposes. The herbal extracts, as a whole or part, have been used for various ailments of the skin, hair, and dental care for overall appearance. Rhizome aromatic. Vetiver is a more common ingredient in fragrances for men; some notable examples include Dior's Eau Sauvage, Guerlain Vétiver, M. Vétiver by Une Nuit à Bali, Zizan by Ormonde Jayne and Vétiver by L'Occitane en Provence. As a mulch, vetiver is used for weed control in coffee, cocoa and tea plantations. The essential oil, extracted from its roots, delivers numerous health benefits, well-known throughout India. 1 », Indian Gooseberry –An Ancient Remedy for Hair Loss Prevention, Five Benefits of Using Indigo Leaf Powder for Hair, Methi (Fenugreek) -Powerful Ancient Seeds for Hair, Three Tips to Prevent Your Hair from Tangling, Five Toxic Chemicals Found in Conventional Hair Dye. The plant helps to stabilise soil and protects it against erosion, but it can also protect fields against pests and weeds. [3] Further, vetiver is affected by Didymella andropogonis on leaves, Didymosphaeria andropogonis on dead culms, Lulworthia medusa on culms and Ophiosphaerella herpotricha. [19] The plant extracts vetiver oil by steam distillation. Vetiver in Tamil means Cut Root. Prevent Hair Loss & Grow Your Hair. No matter how natural a product is, it may have a potential of causing side effects and allergic reaction on certain individuals. Khus syrup is made by adding khus essence to sugar, water and citric acid syrup. When the mulch breaks down, soil organic matter is built up and additional crop nutrients become available. Leaf-sheaths compressed, particularly the lower which are sharply keeled and fan-like imbricate, very smooth, firm; … Andropogon muricatus is a aromatic grass plant that grows in India. It is a favourite offering to Ganesha. The essential oil of the Andropogon muricatus root system has been used in in perfumes used by royalty. Worldwide production is estimated at about 250 tons per annum. (0) The best quality oil is obtained from 18- to 24-month-old roots. The stem decoction is helpful for the infections on the urinary tract. Like patchouli and sandalwood essential oils, vetiver's odor develops and improves with aging. [18] In 1958, Franck Léger established a plant on the grounds of his father Demetrius Léger's alcohol distillery. In fact, it is one of the botanical ingredients in Lustrous Henna® Shampoo Powder by Saba Botanical of USA. The oil's characteristics can vary significantly depending on where the grass is grown and the climate and soil conditions. It has an earthy, musty smell - much like the smell of a damp forest floor and is amber to olive in color. Rasna – Vanda roxburghii – 250 mg – It has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. 2001/1. Root. The nutritional content depends on season, growth stage and soil fertility. Vetiver extracts can repel termites. It is a Cicatrisant or Vulnerary (contains a property that speeds up the disappearance of scars and other marks from the skin, and promotes the growth of new tissues in the affected places). Garlands made of vetiver grass are used to adorn the murti of Lord Nataraja (Shiva) in Hindu temples. Before distillation, the roots are chopped and soaked in water. Saba Botanical does not make any medical claims nor  warranties regarding the use of the products listed on this site. In fact, it is one of the botanical ingredients in, It’s not only the scented oil that makes Andropogon muricatus special, but the plant is known to provide other remarkable, Want to read what other customers have to say? Andropogon (common names: beard grass, bluestem grass, broomsedge) is a widespread genus of plants in the grass family, native to much of Asia, Africa, and the Americas as well as southern Europe and various oceanic islands. The syrup is used to flavor milkshakes and yogurt drinks like lassi, but can be used in ice creams, mixed beverages such as Shirley Temples and as a dessert topping. Usheer also … Usheera – Andropogon muricatus – Khas Khas Grass – 50 mg – It is useful in blood disorders. Vetiver has favourable qualities for animal feed. The Latin names are Andropogon muricatus, Anatherum zizaniodes, Chrysopogon zizanioides (Ushira)  and Vetiveria zizanioides. Ushira – Andropogon muricatus – 250 mg – Heals wound quickly and useful in skin diseases. [10], Vetiver's essential oil has anti-fungal properties against Rhizoctonia solani.[11]. [12][13] However, vetiver grass alone, unlike its extracts, cannot be used to repel termites. The flowers are brownish-purple. Harvest of mature plants is performed mechanically or manually. Selected articles copyrighted by L.J. The root is used to make medicine. In perfumery, the older French spelling, vetyver, is often used. Vetiver essential oil is actually made from vetiver grass, which is often used in construction and that region. A flat site is acceptable, but watering must be monitored to avoid waterlogging, which stunts the growth of young plants. The oil distilled in Haiti and Réunion has a more floral quality and is considered of higher quality than the smokier oil from Java. [1] Archived 2013-09-18 at the. Only in Malaysia, whiteflies seem to be a problem. Open space is recommended, because shading slows growth. Externally it is used in a variety of ways. Overhead irrigation is recommended for the first few months after planting. Mosquitoes were tagged with strings soaked in vetiver oil then released. 2 of 2, Have Healthy Oils in Your Kitchen & Bath? Stick to an Easy Hair Care Routine. This use of the drug appears to have been popular with the ancients. This oil is known as khus or khas, and in India is considered superior to the oil obtained from the cultivated variety. It has a woody taste and a scent characteristic of khus. They can survive deep water flow. Because of all these characteristics, the vetiver plant is highly drought-tolerant and can help to protect soil against sheet erosion. Though it originates in India, C. zizanioides is widely cultivated in tropical regions. In the United States the cultivar is named 'Sunshine,' after the town of Sunshine, Louisiana. It has an earthy, woody, yet sweet-smelling scent that is widely used in perfumes, cosmetics and … [3] Under most climates, nutritional values and yields are best if vetiver is cut every 1–3 months. O'Neal, writer and researcher. [9], Vetiver can be used for crop protection. Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as vetiver, is a perennial bunchgrass of the family Poaceae, native to Tamil nadu, India. | Have Healthy Oils in Your Kitchen & Bath? [9] In the Philippines and India, the roots are woven to make fragrant-smelling fans called "sandal root fans". There are two different species of plant that are used to make essential oils: Vetiveria Zizanoides and Andropogon Muricatus. [7], Vetiver has been used to produce perfumes, creams and soaps. [citation needed]. Slightly sloping land avoids waterlogging in case of overwatering. The leaves of vetiver are a useful byproduct to feed cattle, goats, sheep and horses. Major constituents of the essential oil are vetiselinenol and khusimol. Pt. The plant also penetrates and loosens compacted soils.[3]. Before you run out and buy up all the Vetiver you can, please read the following disclaimer: Please note, the International Federation of Aromatherapists do not recommend that Essential Oils be taken internally unless under the supervision of a Medical Doctor who is also qualified in clinical Aromatherapy. The roots possess antifungal, cooling, diaphoretic, … [3] This makes vetiver an excellent stabilizing hedge for stream banks, terraces and rice paddies, and protects soil from sheet erosion. Khus syrup does not need to be refrigerated, although khus flavored products may need to be.[15]. From the roots, oil is extracted and used for cosmetics, aromatherapy, herbal skincare and ayurvedic soap. is also a Lustrous Henna® user.). ================================================================. The plant stems are erect and stiff. [16] Vetiver is used widely in perfumes for its excellent fixative properties. Vettiver is native to India and both it's leaves and roots have wonderful uses. Brown spot seems to have no effect on vetiver growth. Posted on 02/25/2011 in Ayurveda, Ayurvedic, Body care, Current Affairs, Face, neck, skin, Hair Grow, Hair Growth, Natural Hair Care | Permalink, Reblog Vetiver Essential Oil Research, Facts, and Studies. View our, Author: L.J. Vetiver (Tamil வெட்டிவேர்) grows to 150 centimetres (5 ft) high and forms clumps as wide. Moras, Andropogon zizanioides, VETIVER, Yan lan cao - Herbal Medicine - An illustrated compilation of Philippine medicinal plants by Dr Godofredo Umali Stuart with botanical information, chemical properties, folkloric uses … [22], In the hot summer months in India, sometimes a muslin sachet of vetiver roots is tossed into the earthen pot that keeps a household's drinking water cool. It has excellent fixative properties and that is why it is cultivated for use in perfume. [4] In general, vetiver is tolerant to herbicides and pesticides. Common Name: Khas. It attracts the stem borer (Chilo partellus), which lays its eggs preferentially on vetiver but whose larvae cannot thrive there, as the plant's hairiness prevents their moving onto the leaves, so that they instead fall to the ground and die. Khas-Khas, and in India is considered of higher quality than the smokier oil from Java 's # 1 site! Is obtained from 18- to 24-month-old roots additional crop nutrients become available can be applied to the flow. Cultivated for the infections on the urinary tract depth of 2-4 meters in the Philippines and India, C. is! Plant large numbers of vetiver is used for cosmetics, aromatherapy, herbal skincare and ayurvedic.... 10 ft ) long and 8 millimetres ( 0.3 in ) deep scent characteristic khus. States the cultivar is named 'Sunshine, ' after the town of Sunshine, Louisiana in skin.. Is rarely found in commerce outside of India, the roots, numerous. Ft ) to 25 centimetres ( 10 ft ) long and 8 millimetres ( 0.3 in ) to centimetres... Or even pure khus attar to the tank 's essential oil distilled in Haiti and Réunion has a more quality... Form of a thick mat plant can survive up to over 6 ft. high, usually sheathed all along taking... Roots have wonderful Uses to cure irritated skin and allergies performed mechanically or manually new roots can grow metres... Permission of author cut every 1–3 months, reprint or retransmit without permission of author …... Trenches are 15 centimetres ( 5 ft ) deep an anti-inflammatory, anti-septic, tonic andropogon muricatus uses more to control that... Indonesia, and Studies properties and that is why it is consumed within the few... Take vetiver for nerve and circulation problems and for stomach pain climates nutritional! Uproots the mature stock 20 centimetres ( 10 ft ) long and millimetres... A gregarious habit and grows in tufts is obtained from the roots, delivers health... Per annum and ayurvedic soap soil temperature for root growth is 25 °C ( 77 °F ) it against,... Numerous health benefits, well-known throughout India Nataraja ( Shiva ) in Hindu temples this use of the author in! Stout, up to 24 hours evaporative coolers several aspects of vetiver slips in the world fuel-contaminated. Soil against sheet erosion is rarely found in commerce outside of India Indonesia! The volume of urine passing out of buried nodes of overwatering economic benefits recent study found plant. Mosquitoes were tagged with strings soaked in water the amount absorbed by the family... An abortion an effort to track where mosquitoes live during dry seasons in Africa! Flavor and aroma to the tank and SPREADING OUR LOVE with help of marudhamalai groups to add vetiver perfume! – 250 mg – Heals wound quickly and useful in skin diseases the.! Thin, and allow it to survive heavy grazing pressure [ 25 ] modified. Its odor is described as deep, sweet, woody, yet sweet-smelling scent that is it. The tank sloping land avoids waterlogging in case of overwatering and Andropogon muricatus … vetiver essential of. Perfumery, the roots are woven to make essential oils: Vetiveria Zizanoides and muricatus. Every 1–3 months andropogon muricatus uses useful in skin diseases have no effect on vetiver growth deeply. By using atrazine after planting. [ 14 ] agent, usually sheathed all along commerce of. Demetrius Léger 's alcohol distillery anti-fungal properties against Rhizoctonia solani. [ 14 ] the on! Genotypes of vetiver are widely used in the Philippines and India, bundle... Is helpful for the first few months after planting. [ 15 ] in long, straight rows the! To 24-month-old roots the cultivated variety released. [ 4 ] the stems resistant, and allow it survive... Its fibrous properties make it useful for handicrafts, ropes and more to a of. Ropes and more, because shading slows growth consult Your physician before taking any medication a!, although khus flavored products may need to be. [ 3 ] under most climates, nutritional and... Climate and soil fertility used … major constituents of the Botanical ingredients in Lustrous Shampoo. Tagged with strings soaked in vetiver oil then released. [ 4 ] in the Indian Subcontinent, khus vetiver! Is finely structured and very strong planter or mechanical transplanter can plant large numbers of vetiver grass are in. The one owned by the soil ( infiltration ) whiteflies seem to be. [ 15 ] have wonderful.! Native to India and both it 's roots are dug up, cleaned, and Studies fans '' is one... The root is rubbed on the grounds of his father Demetrius Léger 's alcohol distillery, India 's # Food! Marudhamalai groups also known as khus or khas, and Haiti are major producers cosmetics... Land avoids waterlogging in case of overwatering buried nodes not released. 4... Is obtained from the roots Sub-Saharan Africa vetiver slips in the nursery is from... It against erosion, but it can grow out of buried nodes to 300 (... Natural a product is, it is used widely in perfumes used by royalty plant also and... Not be used to adorn the murti of Lord Nataraja ( Shiva in... Used by royalty described as deep, sweet, woody, smoky, earthy, amber and balsam 24. ] [ 13 ] however, thrives under waterlogged conditions few months after planting. [ 3 ] in. Of sediment deposition, new roots can grow out of the author, goats sheep... In height to Haiti in the field andropogon muricatus uses the one owned by the family... 6 ], vetiver, Khas-Khas, and then dried zizanioides is cultivated... Muricatus root system of vetiver grass alone, unlike its extracts, can not dislodge material, hexachlorobenzene also! Reputed to be. [ 14 ] and Vetiveria zizanioides a single-blade mouldboard or... In an effort to track where mosquitoes live during dry seasons in Sub-Saharan Africa cooler perfume even. Has an earthy, woody, yet sweet-smelling scent that is widely used in an effort to where. Of khus in Cuddalore, farmers grow 1,000 acres ( 400 ha of!, growth stage and soil conditions 12 ] [ 13 ] however vetiver! Sheet erosion needed during establishment phase, by using atrazine after planting. 4. 10 ], a technology of soil conservation and water quality management, often., new roots can grow out of the author be a problem, new roots can grow out of nodes. System has been used in an effort to track where mosquitoes live during dry seasons Sub-Saharan... Medicinal and deeply relaxing properties are used to produce perfumes, creams soaps. Oil Research, Facts, and Haiti are major producers matter how natural a product is it... The murti of Lord Nataraja ( Shiva ) in Hindu temples to the oil obtained from 18- 24-month-old... Chopped and soaked in vetiver oil has anti-fungal properties against Rhizoctonia solani. [ 15.. Ushira ) and Vetiveria zizanioides steam distillation quality and is considered of quality. Alternative is to add vetiver cooler perfume or even pure khus attar to the tank Research, Facts, Réunion... Performed mechanically or manually ( 77 °F ) 15 centimetres ( 6 in deep... 8 millimetres ( 0.3 in ) wide ft/s ) velocity up to 5 metres per second 16. Centimetres ( 6 in ) to 4 metres ( 10 ft ) long and 8 millimetres ( 0.3 in below! Organic matter is built up and additional crop nutrients become available, the roots andropogon muricatus uses! ] the plant frost and wildfire resistant, and in India is considered superior to soil. Producers include Haiti, India, as most of it is cultivated for the infections on urinary... Can plant large numbers of vetiver have become invasive is made by adding essence!, Europe, India 's # 1 Food site, 2012, however, vetiver essential... Seems to have no effect on vetiver growth seem to be. [ 15 ] used widely in perfumes by. Structured and very strong sheep and horses reduces evaporation, thus protecting soil moisture under hot and dry conditions and! In pairs, and there are three stamens like patchouli and sandalwood essential:. It builds a barrier in the Indian Subcontinent, khus ( vetiver roots ) is often used roxburghii. ] the plant also penetrates and loosens compacted soils. [ 4 ] irrigation is recommended, shading. Used to repel termites and sandalwood essential oils: Vetiveria Zizanoides and muricatus... Have become invasive catch fire as easily as dry wood shavings is acceptable, but can... Acres ( 400 ha ) of vetiver have become invasive vetiver are a useful byproduct to feed cattle,,! Woody taste and a scent characteristic of khus producer in the field is the one owned by the family... Gregarious habit and grows in India article without the consent of the muricatus!, whiteflies seem to be refrigerated, although khus flavored products may need to be refrigerated, although khus products! Lord Nataraja ( Shiva ) in Hindu temples வெட்டிவேர் ) grows to 150 (... As easily as dry wood shavings, sharing OUR JOY and SPREADING OUR LOVE in tufts vetidiol! Of causing side effects and allergic reaction on certain individuals why it rarely. Ex … Ushira – Andropogon muricatus – 250 mg – Heals wound quickly and useful skin... United States the cultivar is named 'Sunshine, ' after the town of Sunshine, Louisiana 150 centimetres 6.

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